New US-Africa health agreements promise funding and self-reliance. But many include clauses on data and pathogen sharing. Fubu Ngubu argues that such arrangements risk transforming health partnerships into exercises in digital extraction. African data is generating global value without fair returns for African nations
The recent US-Africa health agreements mark a fundamental shift in global health cooperation, which demands closer scrutiny. The United States has signed a series of bilateral agreements with African countries, committing billions of dollars to disease control, surveillance, and health system strengthening. At least 17 African countries have already signed such deals, collectively securing $18.3bn in health aid.
Concerns are growing, however, about the concessions made in return. The US is framing these agreements as advancing self-reliance and pandemic preparedness. Yet the deals are also conditional upon requirements to share health data, pathogen samples, and access to digital health systems.
This acceleration towards bilateral, interest-driven agreements is not incidental. The rapid expansion of such deals across the continent signals a broader strategic reorientation in global health engagement. It raises a difficult but necessary question: why is medical assistance increasingly being tied to access to African health data?
Health partnerships are becoming transactional, and when aid is linked to data access, the terms of exchange matter
This is not a technical adjustment. It is a political transformation. Health partnerships are becoming transactional, and when aid is linked to data access, the terms of exchange matter. Growing frustration among African officials suggests this is not merely a technical concern, but a political one. Some have described the agreements as 'lopsided' and even 'immoral'.
To understand why this shift matters, we must first recognise how the nature of health data has changed. Health data is no longer an administrative by-product. It is epidemiological intelligence, genomic material, and population-scale information. These datasets power pharmaceutical innovation, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology. In the contemporary bioeconomy, this is not just information, it is strategic capital.
Global frameworks such as the WHO’s guiding principles on pathogen data sharing acknowledge the importance of sharing such data for global health security. Yet they also recognise the need for fairness in the way benefits are distributed. Data does not lose value when it is shared; it multiplies it. The central issue, therefore, is not whether data should be shared. It is who benefits from what that data becomes.
The core problem is not transparency or accountability. Governments receiving aid should meet reporting standards.
African policymakers and health experts warn that health data agreements risk privileging external interests over local health priorities
The concern is asymmetry. African policymakers and health experts are increasingly echoing this concern. They warn that such agreements risk privileging external interests over local health priorities. When one party provides financing and the other provides long-term access to high-value data, the exchange is structurally uneven. This imbalance becomes more significant when shared data contributes to drug development, AI diagnostics, or commercial technologies.
If African data underpins innovation elsewhere, will African countries share in the intellectual property and returns? Or will value be externalised once again, as it has been with so many raw commodities? Existing research already highlights these risks. Studies on African data governance point to persistent inequalities in data-sharing arrangements and weak regulatory safeguards. Similarly, scholarship on pathogen sharing shows how developing countries have historically contributed biological materials without receiving proportional benefits. History, therefore, makes these concerns rational, not paranoid.
These dynamics create tangible risks. Under current conditions, health partnerships can begin to resemble forms of digital extraction.
First, integrating national systems into externally governed infrastructure may weaken data sovereignty. Second, loosely defined agreements may enable commercial exploitation of data beyond their original purpose. Third, reliance on foreign digital platforms risks creating long-term technological dependency.
Africa has seen this pattern before. Resources flow outward; dependency flows inward. What is new is the form. The resource is no longer oil or minerals, but data. The extraction of that data is embedded in the language of partnership. It is therefore not far-fetched to describe these arrangements as a new frontier of unequal exchange, where health cooperation risks becoming a vehicle for accessing high-value data assets.
If these risks are real, then the solution is not to reject cooperation, but to redefine it. Health partnerships are essential. Many African health systems depend on external financing for HIV, malaria, and epidemic preparedness. But partnership cannot mean leverage.
Health partnerships must be grounded in mutual benefit, with clear national ownership of data and explicit consent for any secondary or commercial use
Equitable agreements must be grounded in mutual benefit. At minimum, this requires clear national ownership of data, local or sovereign storage, and explicit consent for any secondary or commercial use. Where shared data generates innovation, there should be mechanisms for joint intellectual property or revenue-sharing. Crucially, agreements should, rather than deepen dependency, invest in domestic capacity in data science, cybersecurity, and digital infrastructure.
Emerging African initiatives on data governance and health information systems already point in this direction. The challenge is ensuring that external partnerships align with these principles.
Global health cooperation is entering a new phase, with data at its centre. If these partnerships continue to operate within a donor-recipient logic, they risk reproducing extractive relationships in digital form. A more sustainable model requires a shift towards equity, reciprocity, and shared value.
Africa is not merely a site of need; it is a source of value. And in a world where data is power, the true measure of partnership is no longer how much aid is delivered. It is who owns, and who benefits from the future built from that data.
