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March 12, 2026

Why civilian harm is difficult to measure in short urban air campaigns

Narges Qadirli Following Israel’s 12-day air campaign in Iran in June 2025, casualty figures varied across media sources, official reports, and humanitarian organisations. Narges Qadirli examines how short urban air warfare exposes structural constraints in the recording, measurement, and verification of civilian harm across conflict datasets and casualty reporting systems Read more

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