From F-35 jets to Tesla batteries, Washington’s reliance on rare earth elements (REEs) runs deep. China, which refines more than 99% of the world’s heavy REEs and supplies 70% of US imports, has repeatedly played this ace in times of tension. Yet, writes Mariam Mumladze, deep interdependence and limited alternatives complicate the standoff
China and Russia march in unison on the global stage. Behind the choreography, however, lies a partnership of limits and unequal leverage. United in criticising Washington and trading weapons, the two countries diverge sharply on nuclear doctrine. Mariam Mumladze shows how shared opposition to the West conceals deeper strategic differences, exposing the limits of their so-called 'no-limits' partnership
MA Candidate in Global Studies, Bard College, New York City
Mariam is a New York city-based writer specialising in nuclear posture shifts, AI and dual-use technology risks, and strategic challenges in the defence sector.
With professional experience at the Department of Defense (DTRA at the US Embassy in Tbilisi) and proficiency in Chinese and Russian, she applies her research on CBRN risk assessment and prevention to practical contexts.
Her work has contributed to policy forums, political science blogs, and academic institutions.
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