Articles by Fadhilah Primandari

September 19, 2025

🦋 Does our understanding of democratic consolidation have a male bias?

Fadhilah Primandari

Feminist scholarship is warning of a backlash against gender equality and women’s political inclusion. But if anti-gender backlash constitutes democratic deconsolidation, why has it been possible to declare a democracy consolidated without women’s democratic inclusion? Fadhilah Primandari revisits our understanding of democratic consolidation and asks whether it is biased towards men’s political domination

Fadhilah Primandari

PhD Candidate, Department of Government, University of Essex

Fadhilah is an ESRC-funded doctoral candidate.

Her current research project investigates the potential gender biases in mainstream conceptualisations and measurements of democratic consolidation.

Prior to her doctoral studies, she was a Democracy Researcher at New Naratif, a democracy movement in Southeast Asia.

Fadhilah’s writing on democracy has appeared in the Australian Journal of Human Rights, East Asia Forum, The Diplomat and New Mandala.

Personal website

@dhilaprimandari

@dhilaprimandari.bsky.social

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